Recent Developments and Future Challenges in Medical Mixed Reality

As AR technology matures, we have seen many applicationsemerge in entertainment, education and training. However, the useof AR is not yet common in medical practice, despite the great po-tential of this technology to help not only learning and training inmedicine, but also in assisting diagnosis and surgical guidance. Inthis paper, we present recent trends in the use of AR across all med-ical specialties and identify challenges that must be overcome tonarrow the gap between academic research and practical use of ARin medicine. A database of 1403 relevant research papers publishedover the last two decades has been reviewed by using a novel re-search trend analysis method based on text mining algorithm. Wesemantically identified 10 topics including varies of technologiesand applications based on the non-biased and in-personal cluster-ing results from the Latent Dirichlet Allocatio (LDA) model andanalysed the trend of each topic from 1995 to 2015. The statisticresults reveal a taxonomy that can best describes the developmentof the medical AR research during the two decades. And the trendanalysis provide a higher level of view of how the taxonomy haschanged and where the focus will goes. Finally, based on the valu-able results, we provide a insightful discussion to the current limi-tations, challenges and future directions in the field. Our objectiveis to aid researchers to focus on the application areas in medicalAR that are most needed, as well as providing medical practitioners with latest technology advancements

Superscaling and Charge-changing Neutrino Cross Sections

The superscaling function extracted from inclusive electron scattering data is used to predict high energy charge-changing neutrino cross sections in the quasi-elastic and $\Delta$ regions.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Neutrino Factories and Superbeams, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati (Rome), June 21 - 26, 200

Extended Superscaling of Electron Scattering from Nuclei

An extended study of scaling of the first and second kinds for inclusive electron scattering from nuclei is presented. Emphasis is placed on the transverse response in the kinematic region lying above the quasielastic peak. In particular, for the region in which electroproduction of resonances is expected to be important, approximate scaling of the second kind is observed and the modest breaking of it is shown probably to be due to the role played by an inelastic version of the usual scaling variable.Comment: LaTeX, 36 pages including 5 color postscript figures and 4 postscript figure

Parity-Violating Electron Scattering from the Pion-Correlated Relativistic Fermi Gas

Parity-violating quasielastic electron scattering is studied within the context of the relativistic Fermi gas and its extensions to include the effects of pionic correlations and meson-exchange currents. The work builds on previous studies using the same model; here the part of the parity-violating asymmetry that contains axial-vector hadronic currents is developed in detail using those previous studies and a link is provided to the transverse vector-isovector response. Various integrated observables are constructed from the differential asymmetry. These include an asymmetry averaged over the quasielastic peak, as well as the difference of the asymmetry integrated to the left and right of the peak -- the latter is shown to be optimal for bringing out the nature of the pionic correlations. Special weighted integrals involving the differential asymmetry and electromagnetic cross section, based on the concepts of y-scaling and sum rules, are constructed and shown to be suited to studies of the single-nucleon form factor content in the problem, in particular, to determinations of the isovector/axial-vector and electric strangeness form factors. Comparisons are also made with recent predictions made on the basis of relativistic mean-field theory.Comment: 28 pages, LATeX, 13 figures (tar-compressed postscript files, available from the authors), MIT preprint CTP#222

Scaling and isospin effects in quasielastic lepton-nucleus scattering in the Relativistic Mean Field Approach

The role of isospin in quasielastic electron scattering and charge-changing neutrino reactions is investigated in the relativistic impulse approximation. We analyze proton and neutron scaling functions making use of various theoretical descriptions for the final-state interactions, focusing on the effects introduced by the presence of strong scalar and vector terms in the relativistic mean field approach. An explanation for the differences observed in the scaling functions evaluated from $(e,e')$ and $(\nu,\mu)$ reactions is provided by invoking the differences in isoscalar and isovector contributions.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Phys. Lett.

Role of 2p-2h MEC excitations in superscaling

Following recent studies of inclusive electron scattering from nuclei at high energies which focused on two-nucleon emission mediated by meson-exchange currents, in this work the superscaling behavior of such contributions is investigated. Comparisons are made with existing data below the quasielastic peak where at high momentum transfers scaling of the second kind is known to be excellent and scaling of the first kind is good, in the proximity of the peak where both 1p-1h and 2p-2h contributions come into play, and above the peak where inelasticity becomes important and one finds scaling violations of the two kinds.Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures; references adde

Interference Effects in Relativistic Deuteron Electrodisintegration

We extend the relativistic plane--wave impulse approximation formalism to incorporate a specific class of relativistic interference effects for use in describing inclusive electrodisintegration of $^2$H. The role of these ``exchange'' terms for the various response functions accessible in parity--conserving and --violating inclusive processes is investigated and shown, especially for the latter, to have important consequences for experiment. An extension to a simple quasi--deuteron model is also considered.Comment: 28 pages (latex), 15 figures available upon request, TRI-PP-93-101 and MIT-CTP#224

Relativistic effects in electromagnetic nuclear responses in the quasi-elastic delta region

A new non-relativistic expansion in terms of the nucleon's momentum inside nuclear matter of the current for isobar electro-excitation from the nucleon is performed. Being exact with respect to the transferred energy and momentum, this yields new current operators which retain important aspects of relativity not taken into account in the traditional non-relativistic reductions. The transition current thus obtained differs from the leading order of the traditional expansion by simple multiplicative factors. These depend on the momentum and energy transfer and can be easily included together with relativistic kinematics in non-relativistic, many-body models of isobar electro-excitation in nuclei. The merits of the new current are tested by comparing with the unexpanded electromagnetic nuclear responses in the isobar peak computed in a relativistic Fermi gas framework. The sensitivity of the relativistic responses to the isobar's magnetic, electric and Coulomb form factors and the finite width of the isobar is analyzed.Comment: 26 pages plus 6 figure

Meson-exchange currents and quasielastic neutrino cross sections in the SuperScaling Approximation model

We evaluate the quasielastic double differential neutrino cross sections obtained in a phenomenological model based on the superscaling behavior of electron scattering data. We compare our results with the recent experimental data for neutrinos of MiniBooNE and estimate the contribution of the vector meson-exchange currents in the 2p-2h sector.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Superscaling of Inclusive Electron Scattering from Nuclei

We investigate the degree to which the concept of superscaling, initially developed within the framework of the relativistic Fermi gas model, applies to inclusive electron scattering from nuclei. We find that data obtained from the low energy loss side of the quasielastic peak exhibit the superscaling property, i.e., the scaling functions f(\psi') are not only independent of momentum transfer (the usual type of scaling: scaling of the first kind), but coincide for A \geq 4 when plotted versus a dimensionless scaling variable \psi' (scaling of the second kind). We use this behavior to study as yet poorly understood properties of the inclusive response at large electron energy loss.Comment: 33 pages, 12 color EPS figures, LaTeX2e using BoxedEPSF macros; email to [email protected]